20 Key Writing Tips to Become a Better Writer Today

20 Key Writing Tips to Become a Better Writer Today 20 Writing Tips to Improve Your Craft â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword.† Writer Edgar Bulwer-Lytton mentioned this sharp objective fact almost 200 years prior, yet it stays similarly as evident today. Composing is one of the most impressive mediums in presence, and an apparently straightforward story can change incalculable lives - which is the reason such a large number of us decide to be journalists in the first place.But once in a while it very well may be hard to locate the correct words, to recount to the story the manner in which you need, or to begin writing in any case. That’s why we’ve accumulated these 20 fundamental composing tips for essayists like you: craftsmen who need to sharpen their specialty flawlessly, so they can recount to their accounts as successfully as possible.Some of these tips are straightforwardly story related, while others are increasingly about the mindset and setting you have to develop so as to compose. Be that as it may, all share one vital thing for all in tents and purpose: in the event that you acknowledge them, they’ll assist you with turning into a vastly improved author - and possibly pen the book you had always wanted. We’ll start with the story tips, at that point move into more procedure related counsel to help you on your composing journey.If you favor your tips in watchable structure, look at this video on incredible composing tips that nobody else will let you know. 1. Indeed, even pantsers need to planLet’s start with a well established inquiry: are you a plotter or a pantser?If you’ve never heard these terms, permit us to clarify. Pantsers are essayists who â€Å"fly by the seat of their pants,† for example begin composing without getting ready excessively and essentially believe that everything will work out. At the opposite finish of the range are plotters, who plan and layout their story widely before they start to write.Which is the better route forward? All things considered, it’s distinctive for everybody - what works for you may not really work for another essayist you know.That stated, experience has instructed us that a smidgen of arranging goes far. That’s why we generally educate some structure with respect to planning, regardless of whether it’s only a couple of chunks of your plot, before you plunge into composing. Pantsers, we know it’ll be hard, however you can do it!2. Keep your blueprint in mindOnce you’ve arranged a diagram, it’s essential to really utilize it. This may appear glaringly evident, however it's apparently one of the hardest-to-recollect working tips out there - which is the reason we've put it so high on our list!Many scholars wind up drove off track by subplots and auxiliary characters, meandering into extensive beneficial parts that don’t truly go anyplace. At that point when they attempt to return to the principle plot, they find they’re as of now excessively far gone.Keeping your diagram at the top of the priority list consistently will assist you with staying away from these heartbreaking temporary re-routes. Regardless of whether you stray a bit, you ought to have the option to take a gander at your framework and well-spoken precisely how you’ll return to what you arranged. This is particularly urgent late in the creative cycle, when it tends to be difficult to recall your unique vision - so in the ev ent that you have questions about your capacity to recollect your diagram, unquestionably compose it down.3. Present clash earlyOf all the center components in your story, struggle is maybe the most critical to underline. Strife lies at the core of each great account, making strain that prompts individuals to peruse until the end. So ensure perusers comprehend what your contention is inside the initial not many chapters!The most ideal approach to do this is through an early impelling episode, wherein the principle character has a disclosure or potentially gets associated with something significant. For instance, in The Hunger Games, the impelling occurrence is Katniss chipping in for the Games. In spite of the fact that our champion has consistently held enemy of Capitol sees, this episode compels her to make direct move against them, propelling the contention (Katniss versus Legislative hall) that will drive the following three books.Finally, recollect that there are various kinds of contention. So in the event that you have no clue about what your contention is, don’t stress; it’s likely simply whimsical. For example, your fundamental clash may be one that unfurls inside your storyteller (character versus self), or against some enormous, shapeless power (like character versus innovation). However, whatever it is, attempt to be aware of when you present it and how.4. Control the pacingNothing ruins a decent story like poor pacing. Regardless of whether you’ve got the most balanced characters, fascinating plot, and sizzling clash in artistic history, slow pacing can even now make every last bit of it unsettled. So ensure you control the pacing in your story, in case perusers lose intrigue and put down your book in frustration!In request to battle moderate pacing, you’ll need to expand the beat by:A) Cutting down protracted sentences and depictions, and B) Increasing activity and dialogue.The previous procedure works for one basic explanation: it disposes of filler and lighten. In outrageous cases, you may need to cut a lot of composition so as to get to the pulsating heart of your story. This might be difficult, however trust us - your perusers will acknowledge not walking through 50 pages of development before your prompting incident.As for the last mentioned, it may appear as though adding increasingly content is nonsensical to a faster pace. But since activity and discourse push the story ahead in a solid way, you can generally depend on them to improve moderate pacing.5. Calibrate your dialogueSpeaking of dialogue,â it's truly basic to most stories, particularly as far as attracting perusers. To be sure, a discussion between characters is typically considerably more charming and significant than a storyteller handing-off comparable information.But exchange loses its effect if the discussion continues for a really long time - s o for better, more keen discourse, be succinct. State you’re composing a story in which two characters have a contention. You need to be clear what they’re quarreling over and interface it to different occasions and topics in your story, so you compose something like this:â€Å"I can’t trust you were late getting back home once more! This is so run of the mill. Much the same as when you neglected to get some staple goods a week ago. Here and there I don’t think you hear me out by any stretch of the imagination. You state you care about my sentiments, yet you don’t.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Well, perhaps I don’t listen on the grounds that you’re continually shouting at me. Regardless of what I do, it generally is by all accounts an inappropriate thing. I had a significant gathering this evening, for the record. You know I’m attempting to get that advancement at work. I’m truly attempting my hardest here.†But this trade is brim ming with superfluous subtleties. All things considered, the peruser should as of now be comfortable with your characters, their relationship, and past occasions of the story - you don’t need to coddle them the importance of the discussion. So keep your exchange short and pithy:â€Å"Nice of you to appear. What's going on with you, if not getting groceries?† â€Å"Thanks for the warm gathering. I had a gathering. Sort of a significant one.†For more exchange explicit composing tips, look at this post.You'll have returned to writing instantly. (Picture: Lonely Planet on Unsplash)17. Tune in to feedbackNow for another of those composing tips that we as a whole experience difficulty with. All through the way toward composing, and certainly after you’re completed, you should impart your work to others: your companions, family, writers’ gatherings, and your editor(s).Accepting and actioning basic input is, obviously, one of the most troublesome pieces of being an author. However it’s additionally one of the most significant abilities to have. Since the input you get from companions and beta perusers is the main window you have into different people’s sees - until you distribute and the audits begin flooding in, yet by then it’s past the point where it is possible to transform anything. So do whatever i t takes not to see analysis as brutal, however as accommodating. It may very well spare you from abstract shame later!On that note†¦18. Kill your darlingsSometimes you’ll pen an entry that’s so delightful, so nuanced, so breathtakingly developed that you need to outline it - yet it doesn’t truly contribute anything to the bigger creation. It’s an unrelated interruption, and you know in your heart that your work would be in an ideal situation without it.What to do now? You presumably know the appropriate response, regardless of whether you don’t need to let it be known: you need to execute your dears. This regularly alludes to evacuating a unimportant or in any case diverting entry, yet it might likewise be your title, a component of your portrayal, or even a whole character.In any case, on the off chance that it doesn’t add to the account, think about dropping it. Of all our composing tips, this one is maybe the most significant for aut hors of short stories and glimmer fiction, since you truly don’t have any space to squander! Difficult as it may be, recall you can generally spare your â€Å"darling† to improve for another project†¦ just not this one.19. Simply keep writingHow do productive, fruitful writers figure out how to turn out such a large number of books? Essentially, by resisting the urge to panic and continuing. Stephen King composes 2,000 words each and every day, even on siestas. Jane Austen composed every day soon after breakfast come what may. Kafka wrote very early on, scarcely dozing as a result.Now, as we’ve set up, you don’t need to compose each day, or with a similar energy as these creators. Jane Austen never had a cell phone diverting her, so was somewhat of an uncalled for advantage. However, you do need to continue composing with as much consistency and center as possible!This is the best recommendation we can give any essayist, fiction or genuine, short-str ucture or long. Recall that it’s a long distance race, not a run, and hold your head down until you hit that last honored page.20. Continue distributing in mindLast however unquestionably not least on this rundown of composing tips, we’ll spread the capability of publi

Jewish Perceptions of Jesus Christ Essay Example For Students

Jewish Perceptions of Jesus Christ Essay Christianity and Judaism are significant world religions which, however they venerate a similar God, have checked contrasts which have caused 2,000 years of struggle and hostility between the two religions. In his book We Jews and Jesus, Samuel Sandmel compares the connection among Judaism and Christianity to a sort of parent-kid relationship, saying, Early Christianity was a Judaism; inside a century after the passing of Jesus it was a different religion. It was condemning of its parent, and threatening to it, and evoked from its parent corresponding analysis and antagonistic vibe. 1 Opposing perspectives on Jesus Christ caused the underlying fracture among Judaism and Christianity and is the essential wellspring of the strain between the two religions which has proceeded throughout the previous two centuries. In this manner, so as to see how Judaism and Christianity identify with each other, it is basic to comprehend the manner in which Jesus is seen in every religion. The way that Christians see Jesus is very notable, yet Judaisms perspective on him is a lot lesser known, so it is imperative to investigate Judaisms impression of Jesus, starting with New Testament times, and to look at the manners by which these emotions and assessments have changed after some time. In spite of the fact that the New Testament is the principle wellspring of data in regards to Jesus life, Jews frequently dismiss it as a dependable wellspring of data. It was not composed until a few ages after Jesus, henceforth it can't be viewed as an essential source. Likewise, from a Jewish point of view, the point of the Gospels isn't to give an exact record of Jesus life and lessons; the Gospels filled in as preacher reports containing accounts recorded by one-sided evangelists. They mirror the points of the congregation as opposed to established truths, and their scholars were more worried about the headway of Christianity than the transmission of verifiable recorded data. Thus, it is difficult to isolate the recorded Jesus from the perfect Christ introduced in the Gospels, and Judaism views the Gospels as questionable and unreasonable. It isn't known precisely when Jesus was conceived, however as per the Christian calender, his introduction to the world year was around 4 B. C. Christmas, the day of Christs birth, is praised by Christians on December 25, yet the real day and month of his introduction to the world are obscure. Rachel Zurer, an adherent of Judaism, brings up that December 25 was commended as the birthday of Mithras, a Roman god, until chapel pioneers proclaimed the day as Jesus birth date. Jewish researchers accept that as opposed to Christian educating, Jesus was conceived in Nazareth, not Bethlehem, and the possibility of the Immaculate Conception isn't acknowledged. As per the Talmud, Jesus was really an ill-conceived kid. In a section described in the Tract Kallah, 1b (18b), Rabbi Akibah says to Mary, Tell me, what sort of child is this of yours? to which Mary reacts, The day I was hitched I was having feminine cycle, and due to this my significant other left me. Be that as it may, an insidious soul came and laid down with me and from this intercourse my child was destined to me. 3 The Talmud (the Babylonian Talmud specifically) alludes to Jesus as Son of Stada/Satda and Son of Pandera ; these titles are not utilized plainly, yet it is apparent that both are utilized concerning Jesus, and researchers have construed their likely implications. Sanhedrin 67a states that The child of Stada was child of Pandera. Rab Chisa stated: The spouse was Stada, the sweetheart Pandera. . . his mom was Miriam, the womens beautician; as they would state. Stath da to her better half; Stath da implies she was unfaithful or she demonstrated shifty, and is clearly utilized concerning Marys absence of reliability to her significant other. 4 According to this entry, Stada was Jesus lawful dad (Marys spouse), and Pandera was his organic dad, Marys asserted darling. Stada is additionally utilized as an epithet for Mary, once more, concerning her supposed unfaithfulnes s. As per Jewish conviction, God has no child; since Joseph was not Jesus father, Jesus more likely than not been ill-conceived. There exists a resolution which peruses: A jerk will not go into the get together of the Lord; even to the tenth era will none of his go into the get together of the Lord, and the Talmud is sure beyond a shadow of a doubt that Jesus was ill-conceived. 5 Knowing this, one may ask why Jesus was permitted into the get together of the Lord. A potential answer is that Jesus really went as the child of Joseph until the case of faultless origination. 6 The Talmud again shames Mary by considering her a mgaddla nsajja, a womens beautician, an occupation which was not viewed as fitting for a prudent wedded lady. The Gospel recorded by Matthew states (and adherents of Judaism accept) that Mary brought forth other youngsters, yet this is denied by the Catholic Church, which alludes to Marys other kids as Jesus cousins. John 8:57 says that Jesus wasnot yet fifty, when he was executed. Be that as it may, his execution is for the most part accepted to have happened when he was between the ages of 26 and 36, and it is ordinarily acknowledged that he was 33. The Jewish perspective on Jesus torturous killing extraordinarily clashes with the Christian understanding of the occasion. As indicated by the book Zohar, III, (282), Jesus kicked the bucket like a mammoth and was covered in a soil stack. . . where they toss he dead assemblages of pooches and asses, and where the children of Esau and of Ismael , additionally Jesus and Mahommad, uncircumcized and unclean like dead canines, are covered; to put it plainly, Jesus was covered in Hell. 8 The quest for verifiable realities concerning Jesus execution has truly been a Jewish concern in light of the threatening vibe toward Jews as a result of this occasion. From a Jewish viewpoint, one may ask why Christians express such animosity toward the individuals who they accept killed Christ. On the off chance that the torturous killing carried amends to humanity, for what reason would Christians abhor the individuals who were included? In the event that the execution was Gods will, the job of the individuals who did the torturous killing was dictated by God and was no shortcoming of theirs. 10 Judaism dismisses a large portion of Jesus lessons and portrays him as a nitwit, worshiper of another god, and tempter of the individuals who, as depicted by Reverend I. B. Pranaitis, could train only deception and sin whish was silly and difficult to watch. 11 Jesus is known as a numb-skull by the Elders in Schabbath, 104b: He was a numb-skull, and nobody focuses on fools. This was at any rate incompletely as a result of lessons wherein he considered himself the child of God or asserted that he and God are one. Jesus is additionally viewed as a misguided worshiper. In Sanhedrin, 103a, it is referenced that Jesus consumes his food freely, which is comparable to genuine teaching through blasphemy, the genuine love of God through excessive admiration. 2 Jesus is likewise blamed for up icons in the lanes and open spots. 13 During early Christianity, it was a general conviction of Jews that Christians offered penances to symbols, and it was reasoned that this training more likely than not initiated with Jesus. Jews believe worshipful admiration to be the most elevated type of falling endlessly from God15, and it is accepted that one who rehearses excessive admiration denies the whole Torah. Jesus is additionally accused of ruining and luring the individuals of Israel and is alluded to as Balaam, a title which implies devourer or destroyer of the individuals. This title communicates the conviction that Jesus was seen as the profound destroyer of Israel since he caused a break in the place of worship and as per the Jewish origination is the best destroyer of the individuals, who has ever ascended amidst Israel. 17 Often, Jews and Jewish researchers equal a large number of Jesus lessons and declarations to expressions in Jewish writing which went before his reality and utilize this to deny Jesus inventiveness. It is accepted that in spite of the fact that it isn't known precisely what Jesus genuine words were, they could just have originated from Judaism. All things considered, Jesus was a Jew, and he never got some distance from Judaism. Stolper intensely affirms that none of Jesus lessons added even one particle to the quality of the Torah,18 and Rachel Zurer keeps up that, Christians who grew up accepting that the accounts present unique realities expressed by Jesus, need to go to the Bible (their Old Testament) and to the rabbinic astuteness flowing in his time. Here will be discovered the hotspots for idioms ascribed to Jesus. (With the exception of obviously for the obscene words and attacks put into his mouth by the teacher evangelists). 19 Should this business update to Windows 2000 from W EssayThe cross ordinarily utilized for execution was regularly called Tau by Hebrews and Phoenicians. Notwithstanding, the cross received as an image of Christianity is called a few names: Tsurath Haatalui (the picture of him who was hanged), Elil (vanity, icon), Tselem (in Jewish books, Crusaders are called Tsalmerin), Scheti Veerbh (twist and woof, which is taken from the material workmanship), Kokhabh (star; because of the four beams exuding from it), and Pesila (a figure, a carven symbol). 41 Whenever the cross is referenced, it is in the feeling of a symbol or something which is unsuitable in Judaism. It is apparent that early Judaism dismissed Jesus and his supporters, yet to what degree have customary Jewish mentalities toward Jesus propagated? How is the disposition of current Judaism toward Christ unique in relation to the conventional mentality? This might be investigated utilizing the Jewish Encyclopedia a record of Judaism from its soonest times as a source. The articles in the Encyclopedia which talk about Jesus Christ were composed by researchers of improved or dynamic Judaism (the two terms can be utilized reciprocally), which is the result of present day thought, examination, and adjustment to existing conditions. 2 Progressive Judaism started to create during the mid nineteenth century when collaboration among Jews and gentiles expanded and the trading of thoughts happened substantially more than it had previously. Because of this development, numerous Jewish convictions have been altered to match more with present day times and to

Do you aspire to live a stress-free life You might want to reconsider.

Do you aspire to live a stress-free life You might want to reconsider. STRESS. Just the word brings on a quickening of my heartbeat, a tightening in my chest and upper back, and a narrowing of my brow. These are the signs of stress for me. When my stress level gets really high, I might feel a pulse in my left temple that is alarmingly out of my control. Stress is not a comforting or comfortable feeling, and when experienced on an ongoing basis can literally kill. But is stress inherently a bad thing? It turns out it’s not. Stress raises our levels of cortisol and adrenaline, hormones that prepare us for reacting under an imminent threat. This response is useful not just for escaping from a physical attack, but also for handling non-life-threatening challenges that come our way. For instance, I am historically a high performer on standardized tests. I have pulled scores that surprise me as being significantly higher than my practice test scores. Believe me, I felt plenty of stress when I took the SAT, the LSAT, and the New York Bar Exam. It was stress that made me focus intensely, work fast, and think more clearly than I ever would under everyday conditions. I feel stress every time I give a presentation or even write a blog article. Stress has helped me in multiple job interviews. Stress somehow got me, as a 13-year-old gymnast, to earn a medal in my “worst” event (vault) at the New Jersey State Championship â€" and to win the competition in my age group. Stress pushes me to perform. I never thought I would say this, but… I would not want to give up my stress! However, since there are inarguably negative health effects to persistent stress, it’s worth looking at how to take a break from stressful episodes. I think this is where things like exercise and meditation come in. If I did not have my daily yoga and swimming practice, I might never get a break from my anxiety-ridden daily life. Hugs help too (they release oxytocin, which helps our heart cells regenerate). Psychologist Kelly McGonigal, Ph.D., in a TED Talk, noted that how we manage stress is key to how harmful or helpful it is. If someone views stress positively, that person is likely “to be less stressed-out, less anxious and more confident.” Stress can help us with solving problems, tackling challenges, and bouncing back from failure. Not only that, but if someone views stress as helpful, their physical response actually changes! In particular, their blood vessels do not constrict, but instead stayed relaxed. That difference, compounded over time, could easily be the distinguishing factor between an early heart attack and living into old age. McGonigal recommends that we become aware of our negative thinking, so that we avoid defaulting to drama and jumping to unsupported conclusions. The support of friends, family, and colleagues can be key in this process. I historically have viewed some of my stress as positive and other as negative. My commitment now is to spin it to positive as frequently as possible so I can live a long and stress-managed (not stress-free) existence. Do you experience stress as a positive or negative influence in your life? What techniques do you find useful for managing stress? Please share below! [This article was inspired by John H. Ostdick’s article, “The Upside to Stress,” published in the May 2014 issue of Success Magazine.]

Escape From Poverty - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1343 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Poverty Essay Did you like this example? Living in a country where people have the freedom to define their own destiny, based on the choices made over a lifetime, means that no one has the power to define who you are and what you choose to pursue in life. Glass Castle, written by Jeannette Walls, is a powerful true story about a young girl who does not allow the challenges of growing up in poverty define who she becomes as an adult. Her childhood was plagued with people defining her worth by what they saw and assumed rather than truly understanding that within the poor, tattered young girl was a bright, creative mind wanting nothing more than to survive and be safe. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Escape From Poverty" essay for you Create order Learning was something she believed in and made time for as she was growing up, but it was pure survival that kept her going from day to day. Jeannettes memoir reinforces the fact that no person should be labeled based on socioeconomic status because wealth does not define character and value. Pride and self-awareness is something that lives within us. I believe that it is that same pride and self-awareness that feeds us from within and helps us move from one point of social status to another as it drives us to learn and grow. People do not choose to be born into poverty, but those who experience that life and choose to rise above that lifestyle do so by being aware that they have the power to change their life experiences. Jeannette begins her memoir by describing a moment when she spots a homeless woman sifting through a dumpster in search of food and necessary items. Embarrassment and frustration sets in when Jeannette realizes the woman is actually her mother. Rather than stopping to help her mother or ensure her mothers needs are met, Jeannette continues on to her party praying her family secret will never be shared with others. Even though Jeannette is now considered a respected, educated member of society, what no ones knows is that she was once a child of pov erty being raised by the very woman digging trash out of the dumpster. That poor, dirty woman was the same mother who attempted to keep Jeannette and her siblings safe and loved as they moved from one place to another trying to outsmart the welfare system and stay off the radar of others who were judging their existence. At the end of the novel Jeannette reflects on the fact that her parents, even when offered support from their children, did not want to rise out of the life of poverty because it was a life that they knew and understood. I have had the experience of going to school with students who struggle with having their basic needs met at home. Those kids are in my honors classes and working hard to get good grades so a free college education can be an option for them. Those same students share stories of siblings and family members who dropped out of school and choose to live on the system like their parents because that was all they knew and all they aspired to be. I h ave the greatest respect for those who work hard to overcome their life of poverty and struggle when I speak with classmates who do not feel the need to work for what they have knowing they will be cared for by the system. No matter how I feel, I realize it is not my place to judge. Throughout the novel, Jeannette reflects on a childhood where she and her siblings never knew where they would sleep at night because her parents would up and move with little to no warning. They were never able to take their personal items with them so they never got attached to what little they had. It was not uncommon to hear the words of their father stating, Time to pull up the stakes and leave this shithole behind, he hollered. (Walls, Page 17) These midnight moves were often based on Jeannettes parents discussing, in the dark hours of the night, that the government was after them for not paying their taxes. When moving, the family belongings, as well as the five of them, would all fit in the family car. The items consistently moved from one location to another included, A big black cast iron skillet and the Dutch oven, some army-surplus tin plates, a few knives, his pistol, and moms archery set. (Walls, Page 17) With each new home came the chance to start over and hope for new adventures. I have been fortunate to live in the same home for seventeen years so I cannot relate to the transient existence of many people living in poverty. I have seen students come and go at my school and have observed those students not connect with anyone in the short time they are in school. After reading about Jeannettes experiences as a child, I now better understand that many children growing up in poverty live in a state of paranoia, uncertainty and constant change. Unfortunately, the result of this type of lifestyle is poor school attendance, lack of connection with others and behavior problems due to defending your familys lifestyle, which so many do not understand. Education is the key to defining your future because knowledge is the one thing that cannot be taken away from you. Jeannette describes the greatest challenge of growing up in poverty being one of transiency and navigating school and the peer pressure that accompanies school when you come without the tools needed to fit in and learn. As we fought, they called me poor and ugly and dirty, and it was hard to argue the point. I had three dresses to my name, all hand-me-downs or from a thrift store, which meant each week I had to wear two of them twicewe were also always dirty. (Walls, Page 140) As a transient family, the parents often moved without the school records necessary to prove how smart the children were so Jeannette would find herself enrolled in a special education classroom because they assumed she could not read. This assumption was made on first impressions rather than academic data. With each new school placement, social services was probably notified within weeks wh ich would lead to another move in order to avoid the system getting involved and breaking up their family. What Jeannette learned, as a young adult, is that her mother owned property in Texas that was worth quite a lot of money. Jeannette could not understand why her mother would hold onto that land as a family treasure when they had lived the life of poverty for so many years and were eating out of dumpsters in order to survive. Jeannette and her siblings, as successful adults, had also offered to take their parents in, but both chose to continue to live a life on the streets, because that was the only life they knew. What Jeannette, growing out of a life of poverty and now accessing a world open to her through her education, hard work and connections, may never understand is how her parents could take pride in the life they lived. How can it be rewarding to never know where your next home will be or what your next meal will consist of? What would a life of looking over your shoulder or always assuming the worst in others do to a person over time? When reading The Glass Castle, a person learns quickly that it is no ones place to judge the lifestyle or worthiness of another human being. As children, we are at the mercy of the adults who are there to guide and care for us. No child is given the opportunity to pick a parent, nor control the way the parent raise them. This memoir is just one example of how a person in poverty can rise out of that experience by maximizing the opportunities along the way in order to become their very best self. Works Cited Walls, Jeannette. Glass Castle. Scribner, 2005.

Deceitfulness in The Scarlet Letter and The Catcher in...

The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, both are books relating to the alienation of an individual wanting to fit into society. In the Scarlet Letter, the protagonists, Hester Prynne and Reverend Dimmesdale have committed adultery which is a sin unacceptable in the Puritan Society. Hester is married to Chillingworth, the strange doctor who is out for revenge. Pearl is born to Hester, as an outcome of their sin however Hester does not reveal who the father is. She is obligated to wear the letter â€Å"A† on her chest, as Dimmesdale lives through his life remaining silent. In the book, Hawthorne shows the interactions of these characters and the reaction of these characters to Hester’s sin. In The†¦show more content†¦(Insert quote). Hester also does not believe that what she did was a sin since her and Chillingworth were never really married because they did not love each other. She even tells Chillingworth, â₠¬Å"thou knowest that I was drank with thee. I felt no love, nor feigned any†. This is hypocritical of Hester because she says she did not commit a sin but yet she wears the scarlet letter without a fight. If she hasn’t committed a sin, why wear it? In addition, Hester says to him, â€Å"What we did had a consecration of its own. We felt it so† (Hawthorne __). Chillingworth asks Hester not to reveal his identity to anyone and Hester agrees but she says she says she loves Dimmesdale (Hawthorne __). Thus, Hester could be blamed responsible for Dimmesdale’s pain caused by Chillingworth because if she truly did love Dimmesdale, she would have warned Dimmesdale about who Chillingworth really is to begin with. Arthur Dimmesdale, the minister with whom Hester committed adultery with, is looked upon as a sinless man. Kenneth Pimple, in his article â€Å"Subtle, but Remorseful Hypocrite†, he examines Dimmesdale’s actions throughout the book and discusses how Dimmesdale’s status in his community is advantageous to him. In the beginning of the book, Hester is put on a scaffold where she is asked to reveal the name of her partner. Dimmesdale is the one who tries to convince her by asking â€Å"what can thy silence do for him, except it tempt him†¦ as it were to add hypocrisy

The Attack on Pearl Harbor Free Essays

To better understand the attack on Pearl Harbor we must first go to the origin of the problem. Japan had little resources and they depended on trade, trade was the only thing keeping them going as a nation. According to Conroy, author of Pearl Harbor reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War, â€Å"The fundamental causes of the pacific war go back to the turn of the century. We will write a custom essay sample on The Attack on Pearl Harbor or any similar topic only for you Order Now International relations were then characterized by politics, aggressive nationalism, and western colonialism. These forces worked to enlarge the empires, glory, and wealth of the individual nation-state. Japan wanted to expand into Indochina so that they could salvage the oil resources from Southeast Asia and make their nation more powerful. One very important trade resource that Japan relied on was oil. Without oil Japan’s army would be useless. Japan wanted to expand because they wanted a more powerful united Asia. When the U. S. found out Japans plans to expand they wanted to take action and put an end to it, but they didn’t want to start another war. So the U. S. peacefully asked Japan to stop trying to expand themselves into Indochina. But, Japan didn’t want to because they were desperate and needed these resources to make their nation greater. The U. S. , Britain, and the Netherlands then took action and restricted Japan from being able to buy oil and other resources which would make Japans army and navy weak and meaningless. Japan was furious about this restriction and so they only saw two options one to try and get the oil restriction lifted and still allow them to take what territory they wanted or two they were going to go to war. Japan knew that if they were to go to war with the United States that they would lose so they made one last attempt with the U. S. Japans Prime Minister, General Tojo Hideki made one last attempt to negotiate a settlement without resorting to war on November 29, 1941, but the U. S. felt that Japans attempt to dominate other territories to make their nation stronger and more resourceful was cruel, so they kept the embargo on Japans oil and other resources. Now Japan started making preparations for war. Hideki knew the attack on Pearl Harbor would cripple the U. S. Pacific fleet and make it possible for Japanese to carry on with their plans of creating a stronger empire and expanding into China and other nations. Hideki and other leaders of Japan sought out the perfect plan to attack Pearl Harbor. Their Plan was to sneak attack Pearl Harbor on a beautiful morning with clear weather. Zuber expresses Japans urge to move in on Pearl Harbor he says,† Yamamoto’s Pearl Harbor attack was at cross-purposes with years of Japanese strategic planning and preparation, and was so illogical that if it succeeded in delaying the US counter-attack by six months, it would force the US to adopt the long-war strategy that spelled certain Japanese defeat. Readers will be astounded to learn that Yamamoto was so intent on sinking obsolete American battleships, estimating that this would fatally demoralize (! ) the United States, that he was willing to sacrifice a large part of his carrier force and strike aircraft to achieve that objective, indeed was willing to conduct the attack even if the Japanese were detected 24 hours out. † Canfield states† By 6 December 1941, warnings of war in the Pacific had been, percolating, and Japanese Ambassadors Kichisaburo Nomura and Saburo Kurusu were still negotiating in Washington ,†so if they were to attack now the U. S. wouldn’t detect them. On November 26, 1941 Japanese set sail for Hawaii with a fleet of 33 warships, an auxiliary craft, and 6 aircraft carriers. They took a northern route and cut off their radio so that they wouldn’t be detected by the U. S. Hanyok says, â€Å"Japanese radio intelligence discovered that the British monitoring site in Hong Kong had identified and tracked the large ships. (It is not known if the Japanese realized that American naval radio intelligence had done so as well. Alerted to the vulnerability of its communications to foreign RI, the Japanese naval command was compelled to devise a counter plan. † On December 7, 1941, The Japanese fleet had reached their destination. The first wave of fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes had departed at 6 a. m. to the entrance of Pearl Harbor. They even made preparations for five mini submarines to abide submerged below Pearl Harbor until the attack took place. Burlingame states, â€Å"At first, Yamam oto banned their use, because he feared that they would be spotted by American patrols prior to the attack. The designers and crews of the midget submarines, however, devised an underwater method of launching the midget submarines from the backs of â€Å"mother† submarines, and Yamamoto reluctantly approved  their use. † Then they were instructed to do as much damage as possible from below with their torpedoes. A little before 7 a. m. Opana point detected a signal of massive air flight heading their way from the north. But they were assumed to be aircraft flights from the carrierEnterprise or a scheduled flight of the B-17s from mainland, so no actions were taken. Vice Admiral Nagumo  was given orders to attack Pearl Harbor by Yamamoto at 7:55 a. m. It is said that the attack lasted for almost three hours but it is hard to define the actual length of the attack because Japanese attacked many different airfields of the base. The locations included Hickam, Wheeler, and Bellows airfields, Ewa Marine Corps Air Station and many more. The ending results of the attack on Pearl Harbor included four U. S. Navy battleships sunk, caused another to capsize and severe damage to four more. Japan also sank and damaged three cruisers and destroyers, one minelayer, and 188 aircrafts. The attack injured 1,282 and killed 2,402 U. S. servicemen. America tried to fight back but only little damage was done to the Japanese. The Japanese only loss four midget subs and 29 aircrafts, with about 65 Japanese men killed or severely injured. In the end Japan came out of the attack on Pearl Harbor victorious. They crippled the U. S. Pacific fleet like they planned and crushed America’s pride. Although Japan came out victorious things only got worse for them, little did they know that the attack on Pearl Harbor was only opening the door to their own self-destruction. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Conroy, Hilary. 1990. Pearl Harbor Reexamined : Prologue to the Pacific War. n. p. : University of Hawaii Press, 1990. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost  (accessed September 30 , 2012). [ 2 ]. Zuber, Terence. 2012. â€Å"Book Review: Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions By Alan D. †Ã‚  War In History  19, no. : 257-258. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost  (accessed September 29, 2012). [ 3 ]. Canfield, Eugene B. 2004. â€Å"ALL SIGNS POINTED TO PEARL HARBOR. †Ã‚  Naval History  18, no. 6: 42-46. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost  (accessed September 30, 2012). [ 4 ]. Hanyok, Robert J. 2009. â€Å"How the Japanese Did It. †   Naval History  23, no. 6: 44-50. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost  (accessed September 26, 2012). [ 5 ]. Burlingame, Burl. 2011. â€Å"Setting a Trap. †Ã‚  Cobblestone  32, no. 9: 20-22. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost  (accessed September 26, 2012). How to cite The Attack on Pearl Harbor, Papers

How Shakespeare Portrays Othello and Iago as Villains in the Two Plays free essay sample

Shakespeare’s plays were written in the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods, where the villains brought entertainment value to the plays by their plotting. A villain is someone who is an enemy and plays a prominent part in the play. Often in Shakespeare’s plays, the villains are normally malcontent. A Malcontent is a type of person/character which is prominent in Elizabethan dramas, which is rebellious and wants to cause other people distress. Some great examples of Shakespeare’s villains are Richard III and Tamora. Shakespeare uses Elizabethan types of Villain in his plays Othello and Much Ado about Nothing and J. A. Cudden described them ‘devilish’ and an ‘evil machinator or plotter’. Throughout Shakespeare’s plays Villains are in general antagonistic; they are against the good, innocent people in the play. This normally leads to a grave misfortune of others and often death. I am going to explore how Shakespeare portrays Villains through two well known villains called Iago from the tragedy Othello and Don John from the comedy Much Ado about Nothing. These villains are particularly excellent because they are not ‘Blood-thirsty’; they are devious and deceitful and operate with ‘sly treachery’. These Malcontents play on the emotions of other characters until they stop thinking in a rational way.? Throughout both plays, Iago and Don John are Machiavellian as they effectively destroy the minds of people. Othello is a tragedy and throughout the whole play and thus Desdemona, Emilia, and Othello were killed. Although Much Ado about Nothing is a comedy it verges onto a tragedy towards the end, as Charles Gildon stated ‘Some of the incidents and discourses are more in a tragic strain he accusation of Hero is too shocking for either tragedy or comedy’; Iago and Don John are more similar than different but there are some obvious variations that made one better than the other. Of course, they were Iago was in a tragedy and Don John was in a comedy, so there were many effects that made them prominent vi llains in Shakespearian plays. In the tragedy Othello, Iago has a prominent part in the play and appears in a lot of the major scenes throughout the play, whereas, Don John in Much Ado about Nothing doesn’t appear a lot in the play. Both Don Jon and Iago live in a patriarchal time, so they used this to bring down their enemies. Women at that time were easy to manipulate on and they both try and make people think that they are being unfaithful. Iago never showed Othello physical proof that Desdemona was having an affair but he just implanted idea into Othello’s head making him jealous. On the other hand, Don John showed what appeared to Hero with someone else. Although this is clever, his plan did not work in the end. The differentiation between the two villains was that Iago kept on going with his plan until he got what he wanted, and when Don Johns planned failed, he ran away. However, at end the both rogues got caught and detained. First Impressions are important in plays, whatever kind, because it affects our view of that particular character throughout the rest of the play. It’s a lasting impact. In Act 1 Scene 1 of Othello we see Iago and Rodergio having an argument. This does not create an excellent opening impression of Iago, and we see him as a very pessimistic and livid man. This is because Othello promoted Michael Cassio not him. Iago used this to get revenge on Othello later on in the play. Even at the beginning of the play we see evidence of racism, and this carries on throughout the play. Iago describes Othello as ‘the Moor’ ‘thick lips’ ‘the devil’ this explores Iago’s patronising, racist personality. Iago’s use for these words is particularly striking because it emphasises his hatred for him. In Elizabethan times, black people were portrayed as ‘devils’ and in early Church paintings, as the devils were always black. This is evident, when Emilia is dreadfully annoyed at Othello after he killed his wife later on in the play: ‘O, the more angel she, / And you the blacker devil! ’ When Iago declared ‘I follow him to serve my turn upon him’ informs us of his cunning plan to try and ensure that he gets power. In addition, he is pretending to be a supportive and pleasant towards Othello, to guarantee that he will get Cassio’s job. We learn a lot about Iago when he asserted ‘I am not what I am’ because ultimately he’s approachable on the outside but cannot be trusted. This created dramatic irony which is a main feature of this play. This creates dread and tension as the people in connection Iago with could be in danger, as we learn from later on the in play. Iago implies that Othello as animalistic, as he states ‘Beast with two backs’ and that Desdemona and Othello aren’t together because they love each other. This creates anger with Desdemona’s father and further portrays as Othello an as bad evil man who’s just looking for sex. Iago uses soliloquies to further develop his plans. He talks the audience his supreme intentions and reason for the plan for the downfall of Othello. This s one of few times when he is being completely honest, whereas Don John is contradictory to this way of villainy, as he describes himself as ‘a plain-dealing villain’. In Act 1 Scene 3, it’s the first that time he’s alone stage on, and it’s the initial moments that he unleashes his thoughts first on what’s happening. Iago uses ‘I’ a lot in his spee ch from lines 58-66 which emphasis’ his selfishness and self-confidence. Iago keeps his plans to himself with a small amount of help from Roderigo, an admittedly dumb young man, who’s in love with Othello’s wife. Othello’s soliloquies are supremely spontaneous as he thought ‘How? How? Let’s see. ’ This creates apprehension as we realise his earliest and foremost tactics for bringing down Othello. With showing little or no true emotion, the fact that he destroyed so many lives is shocking. Still in the end when his plan and Machiavellian character was revealed, he refused to speak and release his inner character. Act 3 Scene 3 in Othello, is an especially long scene where at the beginning, Othello is unaware of Desdemona’s supposed affair with Cassio, but by the end he is convinced she is. Iago doesn’t tell Othello that she’s cheating directly but Iago ‘plants seeds’ in Othello’s mind and waited for them to grow until Othello is positive that Desdemona is cheating. The time that this play was written, males did not want to be cuckolds and feared to be labelled wrongly. Othello didn’t accept that Desdemona was cheating u ntil Iago said that he will give him proof of her disloyalty. Therefore, Iago suggested ‘Look to your wife, observe her well with Cassio;’ to create suspicion of Desdemona. He doesn’t insult Desdemona and Cassio in an extreme way; instead he regains his neutral position. He tells Othello to be â€Å"neither completely suspicions nor completely trustful. † So Iago doesn’t prove that there’s anything going on between Desdemona and Cassio but in effect, Othello trust in Desdemona is ruined, and therefore doesn’t act the same towards her anymore. Iago says many things to reassure Othello that he’s not lying and he looks up to Othello, for example he said ‘My Noble Lord-‘(page 104) which is coming back to the line he said earlier on in the play ‘I follow him to serve my turn upon him’. The stage direction ‘Enter John the bastard’ is quite prominent because it shows his low status. Don John may have used this as an excuse for his villain, as he is an outcast in society. The first we see Don John is in Act 1 Scene 1, where he is welcomed into Leonato’s house. Whenever Don John enters the room the mood changes and no one seems to acknowledge Don John. Leonato seems to quickly welcome him but doesn’t seem to make conversation with him maybe because Leonato doesn’t that think Don John worth is speaking to as he is a ‘Bastard’. In the 1984 BBC adaptation we see that Don John wears dark clothing which is a custom to lonely and sour character that doesn’t perceive well to other people. This is a contrast to the way in which the other characters are dressed as they are in bright colours and are in a joyful mood. In a way, this represents the feeling and villainous beliefs of Don John. The words of Beatrice suggest some disapproval of Don John as she whispered ‘How tartly that man looks’ which informs the reader that he is bitter. Don John disgust for his half brother is known to many of his friends, as they can help him a great deal to conjure up a plan. His sidekick, Borachio, does a lot of work to help Don John when he couldn’t be bothered to do anything. When Don John’s plan failed, in Act 2 Scene 2 Borachio came up of a cunning plan to frame Hero of cheating, which is a plan that is carried on throughout the play. Don John appears more laid back, than Iago, because he is more determined to bring down his enemies. Iago even goes to the point of killing, but not directly. The reasons why Iago is this villainous character is unclear, but there are many suggestions on what could it be. For example, Iago’s words â€Å"Oh, beware, my lord of jealousy† implies that Iago wants to make Othello jealous. From saying ‘oh, beware’ suggests a warning not just for Othello but for Roderigo as well as he loves Desdemona. Jealousy is not the only reason for Othello’s downfall but it undoubtedly has a pessimistic effect on Othello. Iago is full of spite and schemes to gain the promotion that Cassio acquired. Iago went to a big extent to get this promotion. He betrays, misleads, and murders close friends to gain that position. It appears that Othello’s evilness towards others is just to amuse himself. This creates an ominous and menacing feeling towards Iago. He is digging for motives but actually can’t find a justifiable reason for his villainy, this suggest he just did it for the fun of it. Samuel Taylor Coleridge described Othello’s behaviour as ‘motive-hunting of motiveless malignity. ’ As Don John is an open minded bastard in society, and other characters foresee him as suspicious and sly. After Don John had a recent rebellion against Don Pedro, they became friends again which may cause some concerns. Leonato doubts Don John’s faithfulness to Don Pedro by saying â€Å"If you swear, my Lord, you shall not be forsworn†. Even though Leonato is uneasy with Don John, he greeted him pleasantly. Don John is aware of Leonatos thoughts towards him by saying, â€Å"I am not of many words, but I thank you†. When Don John said this line, it shows politeness, however his spite and hatred is revealed in Act 1 Scene 3. The public has no faith in Don John, so he might be dissatisfied with his ‘Bastard’ place in society and therefore Don John might want to get back as society. Don John stated â€Å"had rather be a canker in a hedge than a rose in his grace† and if he does any horrible, evil things it’s because â€Å"it better fits my blood to be disdained of all†. When Don John said â€Å"blood,† it suggested that his was born a bastard and society pushes him out and thinks that he is â€Å"evil. † He feels that being a villain is a role he’s destined to play because of his origins. The fact that Leonato and Don Pedro are such good friends stings jealousy into Don John which also might determine the reasons of his villainy. Don John speaks rarely in this play and gives the audience little insight on his motives and his reaction to what is happening throughout the play. In conclusion, both villains are very similar in their ways; however they both have different ways approaching their goals. The way that Shakespeare portrays them in these plays are astonishing, as the villains bring down their enemies in such a way that other people wouldn’t expect them.

The Importance Of Animal Research Essay Example For Students

The Importance Of Animal Research Essay Research on animals is important in understanding diseases anddeveloping ways to prevent them. The polio vaccine, kidney transplants,and heart surgery techniques have all been developed with the help of animal research. Through increased efforts by the scientific community, effective treatments for diabetes, diphtheria, and other diseases have beendeveloped with animal testing. Animal research has brought a dramatic progress into medicine. With the help of animal research, smallpox has been wiped out worldwide. Micro-surgery to reattach hearts, lungs, and other transplants are all possible because of animal research. Since the turn of the century, animal research has helped increase our life-span by nearly 28 years. And now, animal research is leading to dramatic progress against AIDS and Alzheimers disease. Working with animals in research is necessary. Scientists need to test medical treatments for effectiveness and test new drugs for safety before beginning human testing. Small animals, usually rats, are used to determine the possible side effects of new drugs. After animal tests have proven the safety of new drugs, patients asked to participate in furtherstudies can be assured that they may fare better, and will not do worse than if they were given standard treatment or no treatment. We will write a custom essay on The Importance Of Animal Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now New surgical techniques first must be carefully developed and tested in living, breathing, whole organ systems with pulmonary and circulatory systems much like ours. The doctors who perform todays delicate cardiac, ear, eye, pulmonary and brain surgeries, as well as doctors in training, must develop the necessary skills before patients lives are entrusted to their care. Neither computer models, cell cultures, nor artificial substances can simulate flesh, muscle, blood, and organs likethe ones in live animals. There is no alternative to animal research. Living systems are complex. The nervous system, blood and brain chemistry, and gland secretions are all interrelated. It is impossible to explore, explain or predict the course of many diseases or the effects of many treatments without observing and testing the entire living system. Cell and tissue cultures, often suggested as alternatives to usinganimals, have been used in medical research for many years. But these areonly isolate d tests. And isolated tests will yield only isolated results, which may bear little relation to a whole living system. Scientists do not yet know enough about living systems or diseases, nor does the technology exist, to replicate one on a computer. The information required to build a true computer model in the future will be based on data drawn fromtodays animal studies. Primates represent only about 1/3 of 1 percent of animals in research. But during the last half century, research using primates has led to major medical breakthroughs, most notably in the treatment of polio and Rh disease. Vaccines have reduced the cases of polio in the U.S. from58,000 to one or two a year at present. Scientists are learning how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)works by studying its non-human primate counterpart, the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in monkeys. The SIV model is useful in testing drugs for AIDS. In addition, the HIV virus survives in certain kinds of monkeys and although it does not kill the animals, it can be removed from them. This may prove useful in testing an AIDS vaccine. Researchers are studying rhesus macaque monkeys to explore ways to reduce multiple organ failure following hypotensive shock, a loss of blood pressure due to loss of blood. Researchers have hypothesized that damage to the organs occur within the first few minutes after blood flow is reestablished, when a certain kind of white blood cell attaches to walls of blood vessels and releases toxic substances. The researchers reasoned that if, just before blood flow is reestablished, a substance that prevents the white blood cells from attaching to the vessel walls were injected into the blood stream, it might prevent the release of theirtoxic contents and avoid multiple organ damage. It is expected that thisnew technique will prove effective in human patients. .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .postImageUrl , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:hover , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:visited , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:active { border:0!important; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:active , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Definition Of Heroism Essay Researchers are studying obesity in monkeys in hopes of finding away to control body weight. Scientist are also using monkeys to studyTaurine deficiency, which causes vision problems, and zinc deficiency, which causes growth retardation among infants and fetuses. Researchers are currently studying to see whether reduced caloricintake can slow the rate of aging. This effect has already been observedin lower animals, and if it holds true in primates, it would be a strong indication that humans might be able to increase their life spans by eating less. Primates have the same number and relative size of teeth as humans. Macaque monkeys have been studied by dental researchers to link a specificbacterium to the growth of periodontitis, which affects 75 percent of alladults and causes 70 percent of adult tooth loss. A non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, has been shown to be effective in halting the progression of periodontal disease. Since the 1920s, scientists have studied primates in order to understand their ability to communicate. They have discovered that chimpanzees and other apes have the ability to learn and use language. Scientists already have applied their findings toward developing a special language for severely mentally retarded children, as well as young adultswith little or no linguistic competence, who cannot learn language as normal children do. People should ensure that an end is not put to progress in animal research. Biomedical researchers know that an animal in distress is simply not a good research subject. Researchers are embarked on an effort to alleviate misery, not cause it. And remember, if we want to defeat the killer diseases that still confront us, such as AIDS and Alzheimers, cancer, heart disease, and many others, the misguided fanatics of the animal-rights movement must be stopped. Think about it, it could some day be your life or your childrens.

Biography of Chilean President Michelle Bachelet

Biography of Chilean President Michelle Bachelet Known for:  First woman elected as president of Chile; first woman minister of defense in Chile and Latin America Dates:  Born September 29, 1951. Elected president of Chile, January 15, 2006; inauguration March 11, 2006, served until 11 March 2010 (term limited). Elected again in 2013, inauguration March 11, 2014. Occupation:  President of Chile; pediatrician You might also be interested in:  Margaret Thatcher,  Benazir Bhutto,  Isabel Allende About Michelle Bachelet On January 15, 2006, Michelle Bachelet became Chiles first woman president-elect. Bachelet came in first in the December 2005 election but did not manage to win a majority in that race, so she faced a runoff in January against her nearest opponent, a billionaire businessman, Sebastian Pinera. Earlier, she was a minister of defense in Chile, the first woman in Chile or all of Latin America to serve as a minister of defense. Bachelet, a Socialist, is generally considered a center-leftist. While three other women have won presidential elections in the Americas (Janet Jagan of Guyana, Mireya Moscoso of Panama, and Violeta Chamorro of Nicaragua), Bachelet was the first to win a seat without first becoming known through a husbands prominence. (Isabel Peron was her husbands vice-president in Argentina and became president after his death.) Her term in office ended in 2010 because of term limits; she was reelected in 2013 and began serving another term as president in 2014. Background Michelle Bachelet was born in Santiago, Chile, on September 29, 1951. Her fathers background is French; her paternal great-grandfather emigrated to Chile in 1860. Her mother had Greek and Spanish ancestry. Her father, Alberto Bachelet, was an air force brigadier general who died after being tortured for his opposition to Augusto Pinochets regime and support of Salvador Allende. Her mother, an archaeologist, was imprisoned in a torture center with Michelle in 1975 and went into exile with her. In her early years, before her fathers death, the family moved frequently and even lived in the United States briefly when her father worked for the Chilean Embassy. Education and Exile Michelle Bachelet studied medicine from 1970 to 1973 at the University of Chile in Santiago, but her education was interrupted by the military coup of 1973 when Salvador Allendes regime was overthrown. Her father died in custody in March of 1974 after being tortured. The familys funds were cut off.  Michelle Bachelet had worked secretly for the Socialist Youth and was imprisoned by the Pinochet regime in 1975 and held in the torture center at Villa Grimaldi, along with her mother.   From 1975-1979 Michelle Bachelet was in exile with her mother in Australia, where her brother had already moved, and East Germany, where she continued her education as a pediatrician.   Bachelet married  Jorge Dvalos while still in Germany, and they had a son, Sebastin. He, too, was a Chilean who had fled the Pinochet regime. In 1979, the family returned to Chile. Michelle Bachelet completed her medical degree at the University of Chile, graduating in 1982.  She had a daughter, Francisca, in 1984, then separated from her husband about 1986.  Chilean law made divorce difficult, so Bachelet was unable to marry the physician with whom she had her second daughter in 1990. Bachelet  later studied military strategy at Chiles National Academy of Strategy and Policy and at the Inter-American Defense College in the United States.   Government Service Michelle Bachelet became Chiles Minister of Health in 2000, serving under socialist President Ricarco Lagos. She then served as Minister of Defense under Lagos, the first woman in Chile or Latin America to hold such a post. Bachelet and Lagos are part of a four-party coalition, Concertacion de Partidos por la Democracia, in power since Chile restored democracy in 1990. Concertacion has focused on both economic growth and spreading the benefits of that growth throughout segments of society. After her first term as president, 2006 - 2010, Bachelet took a position as the Executive Director of UN Women (2010 - 2013).

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS AFTER TRAUMATIC INJURY Essay

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS AFTER TRAUMATIC INJURY - Essay Example This article aimed at investigating the history and tendency of PTSD after traumatic injury. The research stated null hypothesis as: Ho= â€Å"patients who develop PTSD after traumatic  brain injury would suffer the symptoms of trauma† where as the alternative hypothesis stated: Ha= â€Å"patients who develop PTSD after traumatic brain injury would not suffer from the symptoms of trauma†. Traumatic injury is taken as independent variable whereas post traumatic disorder is studied as dependent variable. Sampling procedure employed to gather data is probability sampling in which structured interview of the patients suffering form traumatic disorder were conducted. A sample of 96  patients was included in the study. The mean value  for posttraumatic amnesia was 36.97 days (SD=30.65) as established by use of â€Å"Westmead Posttraumatic Amnesia Scale†. The mean â€Å"Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)†Ã‚  score  was 8.00 (SD=3.78). Mean posttraumatic amnesia and GCS  scores indicated that the average level of traumatic brain injury  was very severe. The 96 patients who participated in the 6-month assessment had (mean=8.00,  SD=3.78) (t=2.96, df=124, p

Organizational behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational behavior - Research Paper Example rence to the values regarding the management of the organization and embacing the spirit of mutual trust and respect among all levels of employees will set the foundation for employee hapiness (Rook, pg. 254). This will come through constant communication to the leaders on the importance of uphelding the values of the organization. Good job design and work content will ease operations and reduce job stress leading to greater appreciation. Proper staffing by adopting excellent recruitment methods will assist in having the right people for the various jobs resulting to reduced ineficiencies that prevents excessive supervision. Good work relationships ensure low chances of conflicts between workers. All theses steps will amount to employee satisfaction leading to happy business environment free from conflict and characterized by greater co-ordination. Fair evaluation of performance refers to a systematic approach used in assessing the performance of employees in an organization (Rynes, Gerhart and Parks 571). This considers important factors such as employee level of education, training and experience. A fairly, conducted evaluation exercise uphelds the principle of equity by treating all employees equally and appropriately targeting the specific attributes desired and within the goals and objectives of the organization. Every organization that aims at ensuring high motivation in its employees provides rewards and compensation depending on the level of performance of the individual employees. A fair evaluation system enables the company to identify the right individuals performing well and pushing the organization’s agenda (Rynes, Gerhart and Parks 571). If the compensation goes to the right persons then this will improve the morale leading to increased innovation and productivity. A poor evaluation system will not identify the right persons and this will demoralize the hardworking employees causing poor performance. With an unfair evaluation system, it is

Issues in the Construction of the Scottish Parliament

Issues in the Construction of the Scottish Parliament Introduction This report intends to answer how a national iconic project turned into â€Å"a hugely expensive and politically embarrassing fiasco?† (Fortescue, 2004) by analyzing the reasons that led to delay, cost overrun and quality issue in construction of new Scottish Parliament Building. This report has utilized the researches available on the internet, auditors report and other articles available from varied sources. This report will start by introduction to the background of Scottish Parliament project and will continue by discussing the reason for delays and cost increases, role of the project management and at the end concluding the lessons learned from this project. The reason for selection of this project is that the Scottish Parliament building was estimated to be completed in  £40m but finished at over  £400m which is an interesting parameter to study (BBC, 2004). Background to the Scottish Parliament Project: After the referendum in 1997, Scottish parliament was established as a devolved legislature by Scotland Act 1998. Thereafter, Donald Dewar, Secretary of Scotland state adjudicated to have a purpose built facility to accommodate the Parliament in the Edinburgh city. After having a chaotic journey to completion, Scottish parliament Complex was inaugurated on 9 Oct 2004 by Queen Elizabeth II. Remarkable features of the complex consist of leaf-shaped buildings, flipped over boat shaped roof, a grass-roofed division meeting into adjacent parkland and gabion walls made from the stones. All over the building there are various repeated motifs. Scottish parliament is a complex building comprising of new and old buildings such as Dewar room, Canon gate building, Debating chamber, Garden lobby, MSP building, Media tower, Main hall, Tower building, and Queensberry house. All of these buildings were renovated or constructed as per Architects vision. High end materials like Granite, Cattiness Ston e, Oak Timber, Sycamore Timber, Steel Glass and Marble was used in the construction. Detailed environment and sustainability study was carried out which confirmed that propose built complex is environment friendly (Fraser, 2004). Brief summary of the Project: Road to Holyrood Site Selection: To begin with, Edinburgh City Council provided a long list of 27 sites in Edinburgh. In September 1997 officials short listed three leading options: two new build options, either at Leith or Haymarket, or adapting and developing the existing St Andrews House building (old Royal high school). At this stage, an engineer Jones Lang Wootton was engaged by the Scottish office to viably evaluate the acquisition costs of the shortlisted sites. Measurements of environmental issue and traffic issue were also considered at this point. Haymarket was never considered as preferred option and officials sensed real hostility in Edinburgh to house the Parliament anywhere except centrally thus reducing the chances of Leith (Auditor General, 2000). The Holyrood site was not considered at this stage as it was occupied by Scottish and Newcastle brewery and was anticipated that it would not be completed within the required deadline. However, an accidental meeting of a civil servant on train with an official of Newcastle and subsequent negotiations resulted in the company demonstrating that they would evacuate the site in early 1999. As a consequence, on 8th December Holyrood was short-listed, and design and cost viability studies undertaken. Davis, Langdon and Everest (DLE) , Cost Consultants were commissioned to provide initial cost estimate for proposed sites and the Holyrood site was selected in early 1998 from the shortlist based on the following cost estimate (Auditor General,2000).: Design Selection: Once, the location was finalized the Scottish Office announced an international competition to acquire a designer for a new-fangled building to accommodate the parliament through a competitive selection procedure. The competition was suitably setup with a press release on 26 January 1998. The final design teams named on 7th May 1998 providing the project cost as being in the range of  £50 million excluding VAT (Fraser, 2004). Under the chairmanship of Dewar, a design committee was allotted to choose from a shortlist of designer. Conceptual designs were cost and displayed for public to view and provide their opinion. Feedback from the public depicted that the Catalan architect Enric Miralles designs were one of the most popular. The design team considered public opinion on the designs, and on 6 July 1998 the Enric Miralles‘s design was selected, with work being awarded to a Spanish Scottish design company namely EMBT/RMJM (Scotland) Ltd, exclusively created for the project. Construction management system of procurement was adopted and BLL was appointed as construction manager. In June 1999, construction commenced, by demolishing the Scottish and Newcastle brewery and opening the foundation work (The royal society of Edinburg, 2001). Journey of Estimate: The construction of the Scottish Parliament Complex generated controversy in several aspects. Spiraling costs and the use of public capital to fund the project rendered most controversy. By early 2004, the project was estimated to be  £430m, some ten times higher. In my opinion it is not fair to compare final figure with initial figure of  £10m as it was never an estimated price but an indicative one (Fraser, 2004). Time delay and cost overrun From the beginning, the complex and its construction have been controversial. For instance, Auditor General of Scotland expressed â€Å"in the recent history of Scotland there has not been public building project as complex or as difficult to deliver as the Holyrood Project† (Prasser, S., n.d.). Almost all aspect such as location, design, architect, construction management company, project manager all have been criticized by different factions namely, politician, media and general public. Due to complexity of the project, it is very difficult to single out one reason for delay and cost overrun but infect it was compound and interaction of many factors that resulted in delay and cost overrun (Fraser, 2004). Location: Selection of Holyrood to be the seat of parliament has contributed to delay and cost overrun. Holyrood was not an easy area to work due to the approach and being located in populated area. The selection of Holyrood added  £4.5m to the project being the cost for site acquisition and clearing. As the table1.1 (Fraser, 2004) shows, according to the costing done by DLE Holyrood was not economically attractive. Design and Design Development Factor: Main cause of the delay to the project was from Sept2000 due to the production of detailed design variations and the late supply of information during the construction process (Auditor General, 2004). Construction started in June1999 but Stage D design was approved after a year. Everyone anticipated that this will put an end too uncertainly and provide some sort of anchorage for the project but it did not happen. The project was densely populated, unusual and complex and was pitted against tight deadline. In some cases, trade contractors were responsible for part design but both the architects and some trade contractors failed to deliver some critical elements on time. Design development process added another  £80m to the cost of project. It is a process of bringing approved design to detailed design. This process runs parallel to Tendering and award of work packages and subsequent work on site. From 2000 onward, client didnt change its requirements significantly but the cost of br inging envisioned design to reality escalated (Black, 2004). Increase in area: after several revisions and new requirement were incorporated, total area reached from 16000.00 m2 to 31,000.00 m2 resulting in an increase of 47% and consequently effecting schedule and cost of the project. Building users brief prepared by the authorities substantially underestimated the requirements which resulted in various revisions and thus increase in area. For instance, Mr. Stewart said that the original estimate was â€Å"absolutely, too optimistic for a public building of this nature† (Fraser, 2004). The experience and expertise in construction management was not fully developed and was not present in the early stages of development. Procurement vehicle: In 1998, Civil servants opted for fast track method known as construction management form of procurement to build the parliament complex (Fraser, 2004). It works by fragmenting complete job into several small packages that are awarded, monitored and designed independently of one another. Its advantage is that the overall design doesnt have to be complete at the start of building works. In this form of contract, risk stays with the client, which is responsible for management of each individual work package-in this case around 60. However, after keeping in mind importance and urgency of the project, construction management procurement was the only viable option available. For instance, Harry Thorburn articulated, â€Å"The reality is that construction management was the only contract option for a client wanting to make an early start on a project that was still at the design concept stage† (Fortescue, S. 2004). Communication and coordination was another issue which added to the foes of already troubled project. Fraser (2004) reports that there was a lack of communication, coordination and understanding between stakeholders, for example, resolution of many design issues was delayed due to misunderstanding and lack of communication between RMJM EMBT. Landscaping is although minor part of overall figure, still it reflects failure of system. Cost of landscaping amounting to  £ 14 m came to the surface and was added when the project was well underway during autumn 2001 (Fraser, 2004). Schedule: Time-table for completion by project management was very demanding and idealistic rather than realistic. Construction manger consistently tried to achieve the set target but failed. According to Auditor Generals report (2004), schedule set in Sept 2000 for completion by December 2002 was probably unachievable. Proper EU guidelines and procedures were not followed for appointment of Bovis Lend and Lease as construction manager. BLL was not the lowest, yet they were awarded. BLLs contract was supposed to be converted to Lump sum after finalization of cost plan but was not done. Conversion of fees would have provided a powerful incentive to Bovis to apply maximum rigor in relation to cost control. No system was devised and implemented neither for performance measurement nor for cost reporting, analysis and financial control. Queensberry House proved to be the most costly item, in terms of cost per square meter (Fraser, 2004). However, Queensberrys cost was comparatively minor in context of the full cost of the Project at completion. Golden triangle of quality time and cost was ignored and quality was preferred against time and cost, time was preferred against cost. The undue importance given to time and quality resulted in escalated cost. Security issue and 9/11 factor also played an important role in delay and spiraling cost of the project. Fraser in his inquiry agrees that security bill amounted to  £29.11. Design of anti-blast measures causes a sum of  £17.54m and delay associated with blast causes additional sum of  £11.57m. Another major factor to be recognized was constructing a very complex, unusual building, visionary architecture was difficult to bring to reality. The Debating chamber roof, for example, was an extremely challenging task both for designers and builders (Fraser, 2004). Proper risk analysis and cost management studies were not done. At the early stage of decision making, no independent professional project management company was involved to advise the client. Role of Project Management Role of Project management is to deliver the project on time, within budget and with acceptable quality (Fraser, 2004). In this case, Project management provided an exceptional complex of high quality but failed miserable in context to cost and time. Black (2004) criticized performance of the project management or officials responsible for delivering the project. Decision making process and control over project was not clearly recognized along with lack of leadership. Normally project director is responsible for leadership and control, client delegates the authority to project director to render the project. Here, project director should have had clear responsibility in making decisions on balancing time, cost and quality/performance of the project. Auditor General (2004) affirmed that the client (the Parliament) did not clearly establish leadership and control of project. Leading parties could not agree on cost plan which was a missing link in effective project management, a draft plan was made in late 2000, that was an indicator of the costs instead of available estimate of the cost. Under construction management, design was vague and deficient initially, therefore the risks remained with the client (Fig 1.1). Project management selected a high risk route but failed to manage it properly. Risk accounting was insufficient in early stages and there was no quantified allowance for risk facing the project. Initially project management did introduce a process for quantifying risk and conducted some reviews but the general approach was to accept the cost increase and increase in the forecast as risk materialized. No system or forceful action was adopted to reduce the increase in cost (Fraser, 2004). Project management did not fully implement cost reporting and financial controls. Regular reporting of the total estimated costs of the project only started in July 2003(Black, 2004). Earlier financial reporting was neither comprehensive nor systematic. Once, the overall budget constraint of  £195m was removed by Parliament in June 2001, management did not establish an alternative budget which gave them liberty to achieve high quality and tight deadlines without due considerations of cost implications (Black, 2004; Fraser 2004). Conclusion Project management plays an important role in the success of mega and prestigious projects. Construction of Scottish parliament has put a negative mark on the role of project management. Delay and cost overrun of the project cannot be attributed to the failure of project management only, Fraser (2004) in his inquiry stated that it was the result of systematic failure and it is difficult to single out one villain. Also, there were several mistakes but the biggest one was involved in Procurement system. They were interconnected, increased exponentially, and had a rippling effect which was visible all throughout the period of construction. Despite of all the problems, Scotland has got an architectural gem; its an iconic building representing the land. In few years, the people of Scotland will be as proud of it as the people of Sydney are of Opera House, which was also an example of project failure when it was built (Australian Government Department, 2006; Mosaic Projects, n.d.). The entire project should have agreed project budget and proper set of performance indicators. Proper benchmarking should be done to measure the performance. If, competition is commissioned for selection of design, proper evaluation of pre qualification must be done and compatibility of working cultures should be considered. While selecting the design, attention should be paid to cost and execution problems that may arise due to complexity of design. Procurement route must always be chosen with care coupled with comprehensive evaluation. Construction management procurement route should be used rarely for public projects. Before construction starts adequate time should be available for the planning stage. As Fraser (2004) reports that investing time initially, to develop complete definitions reduces the chance of changes later. Good planning will involve (a) right sequence of construction to avoid delays and extra costs, (b) risk management (c) using value management to evaluate the role of each element of the construction processes (Black, 2004) (d) Selection of proper planning system â€Å"There must always be sufficient time for procurement to allow the clients requirements to be adequately defined so that it may obtain fixed and firm prices for the work in a competition† (Black, 2004). In all projects, performance payment incentives system should be initiated for contractors to perform against targets for quality, time and cost. Clearly defined duties and single point of leadership with explicit authority and responsibility should be ensured. Strong system of reporting and transparent channels of communication must be devised. It is essential that full contracts, guarantees and bond should be secured to prevent the risk. Early involvement of contractors in design phase might help in solving the problems later on. Concurrent engineering should be carried out to avoid complications during execution. Safety measures needs to be a considered as an integral part. In this particular case, no one would have anticipated the impact of 9/11. So it is better to have some contingency plan in place to tackle unforeseen events. Bibliography: Auditor General (2004). ‘Management of the Holyrood building project prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland Project overview, the reason for later delivery and increased costs, project management and control. Chapters 1-5., pp 1-92. Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/central/2004/nr_040629_holyrood_project.pdf [Accessed: 2nd April 2010]. Auditor General (2000). ‘The new Scottish Parliament building an examination of the management of the Holyrood building project prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland. Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/central/2000/nr_000919_new_parliament_building.pdf [Accessed: 3rd April 2010]. Australian Government Department (2006). ‘Sydney Opera House Nomination by the govt of Australia. Available from: http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/uploadedFiles/About_Us/Ad_Hoc_Information_Pages/WorldHeritageNominationDocument.pdf [Accessed 8th April 2010] BBC (2004). ‘Timeline: Holyrood. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3210729.stm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010]. Black, R. (2004). ‘Presentation by the Auditor General for Scotland, Robert Black to the Audit Committee of the Scottish Parliament, on his report, Managing of the Holyrood building project Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/central/2004/nr_040629_holyrood_projec_statement_pr.pdf. [Accessed: 4th April 2010] Black R. (2004) ‘Audit Scotland. Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/publications/pdf/2004/04pf07ag.pdf [Accessed: 4th April 2010] Black R. (2004) ‘Audit committee official report 29 June 2004 Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/audit/or-04/au04-1402.htm [Accessed: 4th April 2010] Edinphoto (n.d.). ‘Scottish Parliament Complex at Holyrood. Available from: http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_edin_t/0_edinburgh_transport_buses_terminus_36_holyrood_024373.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fortescue, S. (2004). ‘The  £431 million question. Available from: http://www.pennwood.org.uk/Level%20Four/L402/Holyrood%20example.pdf [Accessed: 3rd April 2010] Fortescue, S. (2004). ‘The  £431 million question supply management. Available from: http://www.supplymanagement.com/analysis/features/2004/the-431-million-question/ [Accessed: 3rd April 2010] Fraser, R. H. L. (2004). ‘A Report by the Rt Hon Lord Fraser of Carmyllie QC on his Inquiry into the About Holyrood Project. SP Paper 205. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-00.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010]. Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Events Prior to 1 May 1997. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-02.htm. [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘White Paper to the Passing of the Scotland Act 1998. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-03.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Selection of the Holyrood Site. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-04.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Appointment of the Architect Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-05.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Evolution of the Building User Brief. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-06.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Construction Management. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-07.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Appointment of the Construction Manager. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-08.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Project Management 1998 to 1 June 1999. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-09.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Project from Handover to February 2000. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-10.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Early 2000 and the Establishment of the Holyrood Progress Group. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-11.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Holyrood Project June to December 2000 -Stage D The Cost Plan. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-12.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Project from Late 2000. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-13.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Planning, Queensberry House and the Role of Historic Scotland. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-14.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Programming and Design Delay- Factual Background- Construction Manager. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-15.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Security Issues. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-16.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Holyrood Project from Autumn 2003 Onwards. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-17.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Meredith, J.R. Mantel, S.J. (2006). ‘Project management a managerial approach 6th edition. John Wiley sons, New York. Mosaic Projects (n.d.). ‘Avoiding the successful failure. Available from: http://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF_Papers/P046_Successful_Failure.pdf [Accessed: 8th April 2010]. Prasser, S. (n.d.). ‘Parallels with Overseas Experience: The Holyrood Building Project, Scotland Overcoming the White Elephant Syndrome in Big and Iconic Projects in the Public and Private Sectors. Available from: http://epress.anu.edu.au/anzsog/imp/mobile_devices/ch05s07.html [Accessed: 4th April 2004] Project Management Institute (2004). ‘A guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge third edition (PMBOK Guides). Project Management Institute. Newtown Square. USA.:Philadelpia. Roberts, D (2003). ‘MSP says Holyrood builders are left idle Available from: http://www.scotsman.com/politics/MSP-says-Holyrood-builders-are.2459894.jp [Accessed: 4th April 2010]. Supply management.com (2004). ‘The  £431 million question. Available from: http://www.supplymanagement.com/analysis/features/2004/the-431-million-question/ [Accessed: 3rd April 2010] Scottish Parliament, (2001). ‘The Scottish Parliament building. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_notes/rn01-64.pdf. [Accessed: 5th April 2010] The royal society of Edinburg (2001). ‘Engineering the Scottish Parliament building. Available from: http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/events/reports/2000-2001/rae_01.pdf [Accessed: 4th April 2010] The Scottish Government (2007). ‘The government economic strategy. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/202993/0054092.pdf. [Accessed: 3rd April 2010] Westland, J. (2006). ‘The Project Management Life Cycle. London: Kogan Page.

Eugene Delacroix Essay

Eugene Delacroix is a French romantic painter who lived between 1798 and 1863. He was born Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix in Charenton Saint Maurice, France on April 26, 1798. His father was Foreign Minister Charles Delacroix, although for some reasons he was assumed to be the son of Tallyrand, a famous diplomat, whom he resembles much in form and appearance. His mother had died in 1814, around nine years after the death of Charles Delacroix’s. The incident left him orphaned at the tender age of 16 year old. It as a year after that when he started his painting career. It was in 1815 when he became the pupil of a popular French painter, Pierre Narcisse Guerin and eventually entering l’Ecole des Beaux-Art in 1816. During that period in time, he had successfully produced more than 850 works and had completed numerous numbers of murals, sketches, and drawings. Prior to his education under Guerin, Eugene Delacroix early schooling was at the Lycee Louis le Grand. There is where his talents were first discovered, as he went on winning awards for his drawings during his stay in the institution. It was under Guerin though, that he had learned the neoclassical styles of Jacques Louis David. But even so, he was better influenced by the techniques of Peter Paul Rubens and a fellow French painter Theodore Gericault, as far as choice of colors and the visual impacts that his works portray. During his entire career as a painter, Delacroix had created masterpieces in the likes of Massacre at Chios, Death of Sardanapalus, Liberty Leading the People, Travel to North Africa, and The Barque of Dante, among others. In 1824, Delacroix submitted his second work in the Paris Salon exhibition, after his had submitted â€Å"Dante and Virgil in Hell† two years prior. His painting entitled â€Å"Massacre at Chios† has garnered good reviews and had caught the attention of a lot of art critics. This masterpiece depicts Greek civilians all sick and dying, while being slaughtered by the Turks. Because of this particular work, Delacroix shot up to fame and recognition to be the leading Romantic painter in all of France. His painting was the exact representation of the French sentiments during those times. The 20,000 Greeks that were suffering under the hands of the Turks, as shown in the painting, was what it takes to convey the sympathy that the French are feeling for the Greeks in their war for independence. It was the French government who get to buy his work and it had cost 6,000 francs. His other work entitled â€Å"Death of Sardanapalus† is a depiction of the death of an Assyrian king named Sardanapalus. The piece was an adaptation from the literary play that is created by Byron. This masterpiece is created with stunning colors amidst the tragic event it portrays. In the picture, the king is watching quite impassively as his guards carry out his own orders of killing animals, servants, and concubines in front of him. In the actual play though, there isn’t a reference at all to concubines being killed. It is believed that the addition of naked ladies in the painting is an exercise of Delacroix’s artistic freedom. The artwork is indeed a tragic representation of death and all its horrors, which during that time, were never drawn or painted, even in the walls of the Sistine Chapel. Aside from his notable paintings, Eugene Delacroix also associates closely with writers and playwrights that are prominent during his time. He had illustrated the many works of writers in the likes of Sir Walter Scott, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and of course William Shakespeare. Many of Delacroix’s works are portraits of people, religious subjects, and scenes drawn from history and literature. He also got to make landscapes and flower pieces, and of them made him one of the greatest artists of all time.